A single group design with multiple time points: three pre-tests, one month apart; four post-tests at one month, two months, three months, and six months after intervention started. The 51 male older adults were recruited through convenience sampling, and 41 of them completed six-month study. Inclusion criteria included: (1) aged 65 and over; (2) no previous training in Tai Chi; (3) cognitively alert and had a score of at least eight on the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire; (4) able to walk without assistance; and (5) had a Barthel Index score of 61 or higher. Participants who had dementia, were wheel-chair bound, or had severe or acute cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, or pulmonary illnesses were excluded. The STEP was implemented three times a week, 50 min per session for six months. The outcome measures included cardio-respiratory function, blood pressure, balance, hand-grip strength, lower body flexibility, and physical health actualization.
Chen, Kuei-Min, et al. “The Effects of a Simplified Tai-Chi Exercise Program (STEP) on the Physical Health of Older Adults Living in Long-Term Care Facilities: a Single Group Design with Multiple Time Points.” International Journal of Nursing Studies, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Apr. 2008, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17222413.
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